Physics science model full#

This includes the masses of the W and Z bosons, and the masses of the fermions, i.e. The Higgs mechanism is believed to give rise to the masses of all the elementary particles in the Standard Model. In 1967 Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam incorporated the Higgs mechanism into Glashow's electroweak interaction, giving it its modern form. In 1961, Sheldon Glashow combined the electromagnetic and weak interactions. In 1957, Chien-Shiung Wu demonstrated parity was not conserved in the weak interaction. quantum electrodynamics, to nonabelian groups to provide an explanation for strong interactions. In 1954, Yang Chen-Ning and Robert Mills extended the concept of gauge theory for abelian groups, e.g. See also: History of quantum field theory, History of subatomic physics, Julian Schwinger, and John Clive Ward It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies, and non-perturbative behavior. The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology.

Physics science model full#

For example, it does not fully explain baryon asymmetry, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy.Īlthough the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated some success in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces ( electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.